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The question regarding Exodus 1:15 and the ability of two midwives to attend to the birthing needs of a rapidly expanding Hebrew population has intrigued students of the Bible for centuries. A close examination of the text, its cultural context, and related scriptural insights can provide clarity and address common misconceptions about this account.

Understanding the Role of Midwives in Ancient Egypt

Exodus 1:15 mentions two midwives, Shiphrah and Puah, who were instructed by the Egyptian Pharaoh to kill all male Hebrew babies at birth. The concern arises from how these two women could possibly serve the entire Hebrew population, which was described as “fruitful and prolific” (Exodus 1:7).

Scriptural Context and Cultural Practices

The Hebrew term translated as “midwives” can denote individuals or, by extension, a group of people associated with a specific role or function. In ancient societies, including Egypt and the surrounding regions, midwifery was not solely the responsibility of one or two individuals but often involved a network of women experienced in childbirth. Shiphrah and Puah could have been the chief midwives or leaders of a larger guild of midwives serving the Hebrew women.

Population Growth and Logistical Feasibility

The Israelites had been in Egypt for several generations by the time of Exodus 1, and their population had increased significantly. Considering the size of the population, it’s reasonable to infer that Shiphrah and Puah represented the leadership or were the primary representatives of a much larger group of midwives.

Biblical Precedents and Parallel Accounts

Similar instances of representative figures can be found elsewhere in the Bible, where a few individuals are mentioned by name but represent a broader group involved in the same activity or function. For example, Joshua and Caleb were two of the twelve spies sent to Canaan (Numbers 13), but only their names are prominently mentioned due to their faithfulness.

Theological Implications and Interpretative Insights

Divine Intervention and Protection

The account also highlights the theme of divine protection and providence. Despite the Pharaoh’s edict, the Hebrew population continued to grow, signifying God’s sustaining hand over His people (Exodus 1:20). The courage and faith of the midwives, fearing God over the Pharaoh, suggest that their actions were part of a larger divine plan to preserve the nascent nation of Israel.

Moral and Ethical Lessons

The story of Shiphrah and Puah serves as an ethical model of civil disobedience to unjust laws and the protection of the innocent. Their actions are commended in the narrative, illustrating the principle that allegiance to God’s laws supersedes human edicts when the two are in conflict (Acts 5:29).

Conclusion

The idea is that Shiphrah and Puah, mentioned in Exodus 1:15, were likely leaders or representatives of a broader group of midwives rather than being the only two midwives serving the entire Hebrew population in Egypt. This is why the Pharaoh only spoke to them. This interpretation fits within the context of ancient Egyptian society, which was known for its structured and hierarchical organization across various professions, including midwifery. The mention of these two midwives by name underscores their leadership roles and the organizational methods that would have been necessary for managing the health care needs of a growing population under oppressive conditions. This approach also underscores the efficiency of communication and command within both the Egyptian and Hebrew communities, facilitating the implementation of decrees and the coordination of tasks among the Hebrews.

In conclusion, the mention of only two midwives serving the Hebrew women in Exodus 1:15 should not be understood in a strictly literal sense that limits their number to two individuals. Rather, Shiphrah and Puah likely represent a larger group or a leadership structure within the community of Hebrew midwives. This interpretation aligns with the cultural practices of the time, scriptural patterns, and the theological themes of the Exodus narrative. Their story underscores the power of faith, the importance of protecting life, and the providence of God in the midst of oppression, offering timeless lessons for believers today.

About the Author

EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. He has authored over 220+ books. In addition, Andrews is the Chief Translator of the Updated American Standard Version (UASV).