The Comma Johanneum lacks early Greek support and entered the tradition through Latin glossing, while 1 John’s original witnesses remain Spirit, water, and blood.
The Manuscript Evidence for the Comma Johanneum: A Reevaluation (1 John 5:7-8)
Textual Criticism and Bible Translation: Establishing the Text and Rendering the Meaning
Textual criticism establishes what the New Testament authors wrote; translation then renders that established text accurately and transparently for readers.
