Updated American Standard Version
Giving Bible readers what God said not what translators think God meant
Key variants in Matthew 23 show early Alexandrian primacy, resisting later harmonization and expansion, and restoring the original words Jesus spoke in 33 C.E.
Foundational guide to New Testament textual criticism, defining its aims, scope, and why establishing the original text must precede exegesis and translation.
Matthew 20’s earliest text omits later harmonizations, preserving Matthew’s concise emphasis on grace, ransom, and messianic recognition in the Jericho healing.
Matthew 19’s original wording emerges by weighing early Alexandrian witnesses first, exposing later LXX and Synoptic harmonizations without losing Matthean brevity.
Early papyri and the documentary method show how the New Testament’s original, inerrant text is identifiable, stable, and historically recoverable.
How literate were early Christians, and who preserved their books? A deep dive into readers, lectors, scribes, and the documentary evidence that guarded the text.
The early manuscript tradition allows us to reconstruct the original New Testament text and build reliable conclusions about early Christian belief and practice.
How to collate and classify New Testament manuscripts with documentary rigor, from recording protocols to affinity analysis across Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine streams.
Recover the original New Testament wording by mastering the apparatus, weighing early witnesses, and applying internal evidence under documentary discipline.
The Masoretic Text remains the gold standard for Hebrew Scripture, but careful textual discernment allows for conservative eclectic revisions when warranted.
