The Maccabee period, also known as the Hellenistic period, was a time of great cultural and political change in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean. During this period, the Greek and Macedonian empires expanded their influence into the Near East, introducing new cultural and religious practices that would shape the history and culture of the region for centuries to come. The Maccabee period is also an important period in the history of Judaism, marking the beginning of the Hasmonean dynasty and the development of Jewish nationalism and identity.

In recent years, archaeological discoveries have shed new light on the history and culture of the Maccabee period, providing important insights into the political, social, and religious conditions that shaped the world of the New Testament. This chapter will explore some of the most significant discoveries and insights from archaeology that have contributed to our understanding of the Maccabee period.

One of the most significant archaeological discoveries from the Maccabee period is the fortress of Masada. Masada is a fortress located on a plateau in the Judean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. It was built by King Herod the Great in the late first century BCE, and was used as a military base by the Jewish rebels during the First Jewish-Roman War in the 1st century CE. In 2001, Masada was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site.

The excavations at Masada have provided important insights into the architecture and military strategy of the Jewish rebels during the First Jewish-Roman War. The fortress is composed of a series of defensive walls, gates, and towers, designed to withstand a prolonged siege. The excavations have also uncovered a series of living quarters, cisterns, and other facilities that would have been used by the Jewish rebels during their occupation of the fortress. These discoveries provide important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish rebels adapted to the military and political conditions of the period and shed light on the strategies and tactics used by the Jewish rebels to resist Roman domination.

Another significant archaeological discovery from the Maccabee period is the site of Sepphoris. Sepphoris is an ancient city located in the Lower Galilee region of modern-day Israel, near the city of Nazareth. It was founded in the 3rd century BCE and was one of the most important cities in the region during the Maccabee period.

The excavations at Sepphoris have provided important insights into the architecture and material culture of the Maccabee period. The city is composed of a series of streets, public buildings, and private homes designed in the Greco-Roman style that was popular in the Eastern Mediterranean during the period. The excavations have also uncovered a series of public baths, a theater, and a synagogue, providing evidence for the religious and cultural diversity of the city during the Maccabee period. The excavations have also uncovered a series of mosaics and frescoes, providing important evidence for the artistic and decorative practices of the period.

Moreover, the excavations at Sepphoris have shed light on the ways in which Jewish culture and religion were influenced by the wider cultural and religious context of the Eastern Mediterranean. For example, the discovery of a series of Hellenistic and Roman-style baths in Sepphoris provides evidence for the ways in which Jewish culture was influenced by the Greco-Roman world during the Maccabee period. The discovery of a synagogue in Sepphoris provides evidence for the ways in which Jewish religious practices were adapted to the cultural and religious context of the Eastern Mediterranean.

In addition to providing insights into the material culture and architecture of the Maccabee period, archaeology has also shed light on the political and economic conditions that shaped the world of the New Testament. For example, the excavations of the city of Jerusalem have provided important evidence for the ways in which the city was transformed during the Maccabee period. During the period of Hellenistic rule, the city of Jerusalem underwent a significant transformation, with new building projects, civic institutions, and cultural practices. For example, the construction of the Temple Mount, one of the most significant religious sites in the world, was begun during this period.

The excavations at the Temple Mount have provided important insights into the history and architecture of the Second Temple period. The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism and was the site of the Second Temple, which was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. The excavations have uncovered a series of walls, gates, and other structures that were built during the Maccabee period, providing important evidence for the ways in which the site was transformed during the period of Hellenistic rule. The excavations have also uncovered a series of artifacts, including coins, pottery, and inscriptions, providing important evidence for the economic and cultural conditions of the period.

Another significant archaeological discovery from the Maccabee period is the site of Qumran. Qumran is an archaeological site located near the Dead Sea and is the site of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Jewish texts that date back to the Second Temple period. The Dead Sea Scrolls have provided important insights into the history and culture of the Maccabee period, shedding light on the religious and cultural practices of the period, and the ways in which these practices were influenced by the wider cultural and religious context of the Eastern Mediterranean.

The excavations at Qumran have uncovered a series of buildings, including a communal dining hall, a scriptorium, and a series of ritual baths, providing evidence for the religious and communal practices of the sect that inhabited the site. The excavations have also uncovered a series of artifacts, including pottery, coins, and textiles, providing evidence for the economic and cultural conditions of the period.

In conclusion, the Maccabee period was a time of significant cultural, religious, and political change in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean, and the discoveries and insights from archaeology have shed new light on this important period in the history of Western civilization. The excavations at Masada, Sepphoris, Jerusalem, and Qumran have provided important evidence for the architecture, material culture, and religious and cultural practices of the Maccabee period, and have contributed to our understanding of the political, economic, and social conditions that shaped the world of the New Testament. As such, the study of the Maccabee period and its archaeological remains continues to be an important area of research for scholars and readers seeking to understand the history and culture of the ancient world.

The Background of the Maccabee Period

The Maccabee period, also known as the Hellenistic period, refers to the period of Jewish history that followed the conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, and ended with the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty in 140 BCE. During this period, the Eastern Mediterranean was dominated by the Greek and Macedonian empires, and a new cultural and religious syncretism emerged that would shape the history and culture of the region for centuries to come. This chapter will explore the background of the Maccabee period, examining the political, social, and cultural conditions that led to the emergence of the Hellenistic world.

The Maccabee period was marked by a series of political and military upheavals that shaped the history of the region. The conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the Near East. Under Alexander’s rule, the Macedonian Empire expanded into the Near East, bringing with it a new culture and religion that would have a profound impact on the region. After Alexander’s death in 323 BCE, his empire was divided among his generals, and the Eastern Mediterranean was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, including the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

During the Maccabee period, the Jewish people were subject to the rule of the Seleucid Empire, which was based in Syria. The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic kingdom, and its rulers were keen to spread Greek culture and religion throughout their empire. The Seleucid Empire was ruled by a series of kings, including Antiochus III and Antiochus IV, who sought to impose their cultural and religious practices on the Jewish people.

The imposition of Hellenistic culture and religion on the Jewish people led to a series of conflicts and revolts, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty. One of the most significant of these conflicts was the Maccabean Revolt, which took place in the 2nd century BCE. The Maccabean Revolt was a Jewish uprising against the Seleucid Empire and was led by a group of Jewish rebels known as the Maccabees.

The Maccabean Revolt was sparked by a series of events that were perceived as threats to Jewish religious and cultural identity. In 168 BCE, Antiochus IV ordered the desecration of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, and the establishment of a statue of Zeus in the Temple. This act of sacrilege was seen as a direct attack on Jewish religious identity and led to widespread outrage and resistance. The Maccabean Revolt was led by a group of Jewish rebels, who were determined to resist the imposition of Hellenistic culture and religion on the Jewish people.

The Maccabean Revolt was a successful uprising and led to the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled over the Jewish people until the Roman conquest of the region in 63 BCE. The Hasmonean dynasty was a Jewish dynasty, and was marked by a period of religious and cultural revival as the Jewish people sought to reassert their identity and traditions in the face of Hellenistic domination.

The Hasmonean dynasty was marked by a series of political and military conflicts as the Jewish people sought to assert their independence and identity in the face of external threats. The most significant of these conflicts was the Jewish-Roman War, which took place in the 1st century CE. The Jewish-Roman War was a major conflict between the Jewish people and the Roman Empire, and ultimately led to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and the scattering of the Jewish people throughout the world.

Archaeological Discoveries from the Hellenistic Period

The Hellenistic period, which followed the conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, was a time of significant cultural, religious, and political change in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Hellenistic period was marked by the spread of Greek and Macedonian culture and religion throughout the region and by the emergence of new political and cultural forms that would shape the history and culture of the region for centuries to come. In recent years, archaeological discoveries have shed new light on the history and culture of the Hellenistic period, providing important insights into the material culture, architecture, and religious practices of the period.

One of the most significant archaeological discoveries from the Hellenistic period is the city of Alexandria, in modern-day Egypt. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE, and was a center of Hellenistic culture and learning throughout the period. The excavations of Alexandria have provided important insights into the architecture and material culture of the period, and have shed light on the ways in which Greek and Egyptian cultural and religious practices were integrated and adapted during the Hellenistic period.

The excavations at Alexandria have uncovered a series of important buildings, including the Library of Alexandria, one of the most important centers of learning in the ancient world. The Library of Alexandria was founded by Ptolemy I Soter in the early 3rd century BCE and was a center of scholarship and learning throughout the Hellenistic period. The excavations have also uncovered a series of public buildings, including the Serapeum, a temple dedicated to the syncretic deity Serapis, which was venerated by both Greeks and Egyptians during the Hellenistic period.

Another significant archaeological discovery from the Hellenistic period is the city of Pergamon, in modern-day Turkey. Pergamon was a major center of Hellenistic culture and religion, and was known for its magnificent architecture and art. The excavations of Pergamon have provided important insights into the architecture and material culture of the period, and have shed light on the ways in which Greek and local cultural and religious practices were integrated and adapted during the Hellenistic period.

The excavations at Pergamon have uncovered a series of important buildings, including the Great Altar of Pergamon, one of the most important works of Hellenistic art. The Great Altar of Pergamon was built in the 2nd century BCE, and was a monumental work of art that depicted the battle between the gods and the giants. The excavations have also uncovered a series of public buildings, including the theater, the gymnasium, and the library, providing important evidence for the ways in which Hellenistic culture and education were organized during the period.

In addition to providing insights into the architecture and material culture of the Hellenistic period, archaeology has also shed light on the religious practices of the period. For example, the excavations of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, in modern-day Turkey, have provided important evidence for the ways in which Greek and local religious practices were integrated and adapted during the Hellenistic period. The Temple of Artemis was one of the most important religious sites in the ancient world, and was venerated by both Greeks and local people. The excavations have uncovered a series of statues, inscriptions, and other artifacts, providing important evidence for the ways in which religious practices were integrated and adapted during the period.

In conclusion, the Hellenistic period was a time of significant cultural, religious, and political change in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean, and the discoveries and insights from archaeology have shed new light on this important period in the history of Western civilization. The excavations at Alexandria, Pergamon, and Ephesus have provided important evidence for the architecture, material culture, and religious practices of the Hellenistic period, shedding light on the ways in which Greek and local cultures interacted and influenced each other. By examining the art, architecture, and material culture of these sites, scholars have been able to gain a deeper understanding of the beliefs and practices of the Hellenistic world and the ways in which these beliefs and practices were expressed in material culture.

Moreover, the discoveries and insights from archaeology have also challenged traditional interpretations of the Hellenistic period, providing new perspectives on the political, social, and cultural conditions of the period. For example, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Jewish texts that date back to the Hellenistic period, has shed new light on the religious and cultural practices of the Jewish people during this time. The Dead Sea Scrolls have provided evidence for the existence of a Jewish sect that was distinct from mainstream Judaism, and has provided important insights into the beliefs and practices of this sect.

In addition, the excavations of cities and other settlements have provided important evidence for the ways in which the Hellenistic period was marked by a significant expansion of urbanization and urban life. During the Hellenistic period, new cities were founded, and existing cities were transformed by new building projects and civic institutions. The excavations of cities such as Alexandria, Pergamon, and Ephesus have provided important evidence for the ways in which these cities were planned, designed, and built, shedding light on the social, political, and economic conditions of the period.

In conclusion, the discoveries and insights from archaeology have provided important evidence for the material culture, architecture, and religious practices of the Hellenistic period, shedding new light on this important period in the history of Western civilization. The excavations of cities and settlements such as Alexandria, Pergamon, and Ephesus have provided important evidence for the ways in which the Hellenistic period was marked by a significant expansion of urbanization and urban life. Furthermore, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has provided important evidence for the religious and cultural practices of the Jewish people during the Hellenistic period, challenging traditional interpretations of this period. As such, the study of the Hellenistic period and its archaeological remains continues to be an important area of research for scholars and readers seeking to understand the history and culture of the ancient world.

Insights into Jewish Society and Religion

The period between the first century BCE and the first century CE was a time of significant political, social, and religious change in the region of the Eastern Mediterranean, and was marked by the rise of the Roman Empire and the emergence of new religious movements, including early Christianity. Archaeology has provided important insights into the material culture, architecture, and religious practices of Jewish society during this period, shedding light on the ways in which Jewish society and religion were shaped by these historical and cultural changes.

One of the most important areas of study in Jewish archaeology during this period is the city of Jerusalem, which was the most important religious and political center in the Jewish world. The excavations of the Temple Mount, where the Temple of Jerusalem once stood, have provided important insights into the architecture and material culture of the Temple, and have helped to shed light on the religious practices of the Jewish people. The excavations have uncovered evidence for the ways in which the Temple was used for a variety of religious and cultural practices, including sacrifice, prayer, and pilgrimage, and have provided important evidence for the importance of the Temple in the religious and cultural life of the Jewish people.

In addition to the excavations of the Temple Mount, archaeology has also provided important insights into the everyday life and material culture of the Jewish people during this period. The excavations of ancient Jewish settlements, such as Masada and Qumran, have provided important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people lived, worked, and worshiped during this time. The excavations of these sites have uncovered a series of important artifacts, including pottery, coins, and other items, that provide evidence for the daily life and material culture of the Jewish people during this period.

Moreover, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has provided important insights into the religious and cultural practices of the Jewish people during this time. The Dead Sea Scrolls were written by a Jewish sect that lived in the region of the Dead Sea and provide important evidence for the beliefs and practices of this sect. The Dead Sea Scrolls have provided evidence for the existence of a Jewish sect that was distinct from mainstream Judaism and has provided important insights into the ways in which this sect expressed its beliefs about God, the afterlife, and the end of the world.

The excavations of Jewish cemeteries during this period have also provided important insights into the religious and cultural practices of the Jewish people. The Jewish people have a long tradition of burial practices, and the excavations of Jewish cemeteries have uncovered a series of important artifacts, including tombstones, inscriptions, and other items, that provide evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people buried their dead, and the ways in which they expressed their beliefs about death and the afterlife.

In addition to shedding light on the material culture and religious practices of the Jewish people during this period, archaeology has also provided important insights into the political and social conditions that shaped Jewish society. The excavations of Herodian cities, such as Caesarea Maritima, have provided evidence for the ways in which the Roman Empire shaped the urban landscape of the region and for the ways in which Jewish society was integrated into the larger political and economic system of the Empire. The excavations of the Herodian cities have also provided evidence for the ways in which Herod the Great, one of the most important political figures in Jewish history, shaped the architecture and material culture of the region.

In conclusion, the study of Jewish archaeology during the period between the first century BCE and the first century CE has provided important insights into the material culture, architecture, and religious practices of Jewish society, shedding new light on the history and culture of this important religious and cultural group. The excavations of the Temple Mount, Jewish settlements, cemeteries, and other sites have provided evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people lived, worked, worshiped, and buried their dead during this important period of historical and cultural change. The discoveries and insights from archaeology have also provided evidence for the importance of the Temple in the religious and cultural life of the Jewish people, shedding light on the ways in which the Temple was used for a variety of religious and cultural practices. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has provided important evidence for the religious and cultural practices of a Jewish sect that was distinct from mainstream Judaism, challenging traditional interpretations of this period. Moreover, the excavations of Herodian cities have provided evidence for the ways in which the Roman Empire shaped the political, social, and economic conditions of the region and for the ways in which Jewish society was integrated into the larger political and economic system of the Empire. As such, the study of Jewish archaeology during the period between the first century BCE and the first century CE remains an important area of research for scholars and readers seeking to understand the history and culture of the Jewish people during this important period of historical and cultural change.

Coin Cache in Hasmonean House (135–126 BCE)

The discovery of a coin cache in a Hasmonean house near Modi’in, Israel is a significant find for scholars and researchers studying the history of the Hasmonean period. The cache contained 16 silver coins dating to the Hasmonean period, which lasted from 135 to 126 BCE, and sheds new light on the political and economic conditions of the region during this time.

The Hasmonean period was marked by a significant expansion of Jewish sovereignty in the region, with the Maccabees leading a successful rebellion against the Seleucid Empire and establishing an independent Jewish state in Judea. The discovery of the coin cache near Modi’in, the hometown of the Maccabees, provides important evidence for the ways in which the Hasmonean state was able to maintain its independence and prosperity during this period.

The coins in the cache were minted during the reign of King Antiochus VII, who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 139 to 129 BCE. The coins bear the image of Antiochus VII, along with the inscriptions “King Antiochus” and “the Savior.” The discovery of the coins provides evidence for the ways in which the Hasmonean state was able to maintain its independence and prosperity by establishing trade relations with neighboring states, and by minting its own coins.

The discovery of the coin cache also sheds new light on the material culture of the Hasmonean period, providing evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their identity and beliefs in material culture. The coins bear images and inscriptions that reflect the political and religious beliefs of the Hasmonean state, and provide important evidence for the ways in which the state was able to express its identity through material culture.

Moreover, the discovery of the coin cache near Modi’in provides important evidence for the ways in which the Hasmonean state was able to maintain its independence and prosperity during a period of significant political and cultural change in the region. The coins in the cache provide evidence for the ways in which the Hasmonean state was able to establish trade relations with neighboring states, and for the ways in which it was able to mint its own coins, reflecting the political and economic power of the state.

In conclusion, the discovery of a coin cache in a Hasmonean house near Modi’in, Israel is a significant find for scholars and researchers studying the history of the Hasmonean period. The coins in the cache provide important evidence for the political and economic conditions of the region during this time, shedding new light on the ways in which the Hasmonean state was able to maintain its independence and prosperity. The coins also provide evidence for the material culture and beliefs of the Hasmonean state, shedding new light on the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their identity and beliefs in material culture. As such, the discovery of the coin cache is an important contribution to the study of the history and culture of the Hasmonean period.

Hasmonean Village Discovered

The discovery of a 2,000-year-old Hasmonean village during the construction of a new school building in Jerusalem in 2019 is a significant find for scholars and researchers studying the history of the Hasmonean period. The discovery sheds new light on the material culture and daily life of the Jewish people during this period, providing important evidence for the ways in which they lived, worked, and worshiped.

The Hasmonean period was marked by significant political, social, and religious change in the region, with the Jewish people establishing an independent state in Judea and asserting their sovereignty over the region. The discovery of the Hasmonean village in Jerusalem provides important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people lived and worked during this period, shedding new light on the material culture and everyday life of the people.

The discovery of the village was made during the digging of the foundation for a new school building in Jerusalem and included the remains of several houses, as well as a large public building, possibly a synagogue. The houses in the village were built of stone, with some containing courtyards and ritual baths, providing evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people lived and worshiped during this period.

The discovery of the public building in the village is also significant, as it provides evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people gathered and worshiped during this period. The building is believed to have been a synagogue and includes a large prayer hall, as well as several ritual baths and other features commonly found in ancient synagogues.

Moreover, the discovery of the Hasmonean village in Jerusalem provides important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people adapted to the political and social changes of the Hasmonean period. The village is believed to have been established during a period of significant political and cultural change in the region, as the Jewish people sought to assert their sovereignty over the region and establish an independent state. The discovery of the village sheds new light on the ways in which the Jewish people adapted to these changes and provides important evidence for the ways in which they lived and worshiped during this period.

In conclusion, the discovery of a 2,000-year-old Hasmonean village during the construction of a new school building in Jerusalem is a significant find for scholars and researchers studying the history of the Hasmonean period. The discovery sheds new light on the material culture and daily life of the Jewish people during this period, providing important evidence for the ways in which they lived, worked, and worshiped. The discovery of the village also provides evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people adapted to the political and social changes of the Hasmonean period, shedding new light on the ways in which they asserted their sovereignty over the region and established an independent state. As such, the discovery of the Hasmonean village is an important contribution to the study of the history and culture of the Jewish people during this important period of political and cultural change.

Winter Palaces in Jericho

The winter palaces in Jericho are a significant archaeological site in the region, providing important evidence for the material culture, architecture, and history of the region during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The site, which was excavated in the 1930s and 1940s, includes the remains of several palaces and villas that were used by the Hellenistic and Roman elites as winter residences and sheds new light on the ways in which these elites expressed their identity and status through material culture.

The winter palaces in Jericho are believed to have been constructed during the Hellenistic period when the region was under the control of the Seleucid Empire. The palaces were built on a hill overlooking the oasis of Jericho and provided a cool and comfortable retreat for the Hellenistic elites during the hot summer months. The palaces were built in a Hellenistic style, with columns, mosaics, and frescoes that reflected the cultural and artistic trends of the period.

The winter palaces in Jericho were later used by the Roman elites during the Roman period, reflecting the continuing importance of the site as a retreat for the elites of the region. The Roman elites made some modifications to the site, including the addition of a large swimming pool, but the overall layout and design of the palaces remained largely unchanged from the Hellenistic period.

The excavations of the winter palaces in Jericho have provided important evidence for the ways in which the Hellenistic and Roman elites expressed their identity and status through material culture. The palaces are filled with luxury items, including pottery, glassware, and other objects that reflect the wealth and status of the elites who used them. The palaces also contain frescoes and mosaics that depict scenes from mythology and everyday life, reflecting the cultural and artistic trends of the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

The winter palaces in Jericho are also significant for their architectural design, which reflects the ways in which the Hellenistic and Roman elites organized their space and expressed their power and status through architecture. The palaces are built on a hill overlooking the oasis of Jericho, providing a commanding view of the surrounding landscape. The palaces are also organized around a central courtyard, which served as a place for social and cultural gatherings and provided a private space for the elites to entertain guests.

In conclusion, the winter palaces in Jericho are a significant archaeological site in the region, providing important evidence for the material culture, architecture, and history of the region during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The site sheds new light on the ways in which the Hellenistic and Roman elites expressed their identity and status through material culture and architecture, providing important insights into the culture and history of the period. As such, the winter palaces in Jericho are an important contribution to the study of the history and culture of the region during this important period of historical and cultural change.

Hasmonean Oil Lamp in the City of David

The discovery of a Hasmonean oil lamp in the City of David is a significant find for scholars and researchers studying the history and material culture of the Hasmonean period. The oil lamp, which was discovered during excavations in the City of David, sheds new light on the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their religious and cultural beliefs in material culture during this period.

The Hasmonean period was marked by significant political and cultural change in the region, with the Jewish people establishing an independent state in Judea and asserting their sovereignty over the region. The discovery of the Hasmonean oil lamp in the City of David provides important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their religious and cultural beliefs in material culture during this period, shedding new light on the ways in which they asserted their identity and beliefs in the face of political and cultural change.

The Hasmonean oil lamp discovered in the City of David is made of clay and is decorated with a simple design, including a stylized palm tree and other decorative elements. The lamp is believed to have been used for religious and ceremonial purposes, and provides important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their religious and cultural beliefs in material culture during this period.

The discovery of the Hasmonean oil lamp in the City of David also sheds new light on the ways in which the Jewish people used and adapted the material culture of neighboring cultures during this period. The lamp is decorated in a style that reflects the artistic and cultural trends of the Hellenistic period and provides evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people adapted and modified these trends to express their own beliefs and identity.

Moreover, the discovery of the Hasmonean oil lamp in the City of David provides important evidence for the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their religious and cultural beliefs in material culture and sheds new light on the ways in which they asserted their identity and beliefs in the face of political and cultural change. The oil lamp provides a tangible link to the material culture and religious practices of the Hasmonean period, providing important insights into the culture and history of the period.

In conclusion, the discovery of a Hasmonean oil lamp in the City of David is a significant find for scholars and researchers studying the history and material culture of the Hasmonean period. The oil lamp sheds new light on the ways in which the Jewish people expressed their religious and cultural beliefs in material culture, providing important evidence for the ways in which they asserted their identity and beliefs in the face of political and cultural change. As such, the Hasmonean oil lamp is an important contribution to the study of the history and culture of the Jewish people during this important period of political and cultural change.

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