Updated American Standard Version
Giving Bible readers what God said not what translators think God meant
Meet the core sources of NT textual criticism: early papyri, the great uncials, and key minuscules, and see how external evidence restores the original text.
Early papyri, major codices, ancient versions, and patristic quotes together secure a reliable, reconstructable New Testament text grounded in documentary evidence.
Codex Sinaiticus (א), a fourth-century manuscript, is a crucial witness to the Old Testament text, preserving large sections of the Septuagint.
Greek translations of the Old Testament—LXX, Jewish revisions, Hexapla, and major codices—serve the Hebrew text and aid the restoration of the original words.
Greek manuscripts, ancient versions, and patristic quotations—how external evidence restores the original New Testament text with early, cross-regional agreement.
Textual variants in Matthew 25 reveal scribal expansions, yet early Alexandrian witnesses preserve the original, sharper readings.
Recover the original New Testament wording by mastering the apparatus, weighing early witnesses, and applying internal evidence under documentary discipline.
Westcott and Hort were 19th-century scholars who advanced New Testament textual criticism by favoring Alexandrian manuscripts over the Byzantine text.
Examining Codices Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, and others, this article surveys the major majuscule manuscripts and their role in preserving the New Testament.
The discipline of New Testament textual criticism aims to recover original texts, relying on manuscript evidence for accuracy and reliability.
