Updated American Standard Version
Giving Bible readers what God said not what translators think God meant
The Sahidic Coptic version supports early Alexandrian readings and strengthens confidence in the documentary basis of the critical Greek New Testament.
The Peshitta is a stable Syriac New Testament witness that often corroborates early Greek readings when its translation constraints allow controlled textual inference.
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a fifth-century palimpsest, preserves early New Testament readings and proves resilience through recoverable undertext and documentary evidence.
The Ethiopic New Testament, translated from a mixed but often pre-Byzantine Greek base, offers a distinctive African witness that occasionally supports Alexandrian-type readings.
The Gothic New Testament, a fourth-century missionary translation, preserves a literal and pre-Byzantine Greek text that often supports Alexandrian-type readings.
The Latin Vulgate, forged as a Greek-based revision of Old Latin texts, supports Alexandrian readings and stands as a major secondary witness to the New Testament text.
